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1 in-service withdrawal
страх., эк. тр. изъятие (средств) в период службы* (снятие средств с пенсионного плана до ухода на пенсию; как правило, по условиям пенсионного плана при таком изъятии средств взимается штраф)See: -
2 withdrawal
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3 withdrawal
сущ.1) общ. отдергивание; отнятие2)а) общ. отзыв, отозвание; изъятие; взятие назадwithdrawal of complaint — отзыв иска [жалобы\]
б) банк. снятие ( денег со счета)See:notice of withdrawal, early withdrawal penalty, negotiable order of withdrawal, in-service withdrawal, hardship withdrawal, free withdrawal provision3) общ. выход (из договора, состава участников и т. д.)4) общ. уход, выход; удалениеSee:
* * *
изъятие: 1) изъятие денег со счета с помощью чека или в случае срочного вклада расписки; 2) изъятие заемщиком первоначального обеспечения кредита с заменой его другим.* * *Снятие (средств); изъятие. . Словарь экономических терминов . -
4 withdrawal
1. n отнятие; отдёргивание2. n увод3. n изъятие4. n взятие назад; отказ5. n отмена, аннулирование; снятие6. n уход, отход7. n отодвигание8. n удалениеwithdrawal of weeds — прополка, выпалывание сорняков
9. n воен. отход; выход из боя10. n отвод, вывод войскотвыкание, воздержание
11. n тех. отвод; выпускСинонимический ряд:1. departure (noun) departure; egress; egression; exit; exiting; exodus; going; leaving; offgoing; setting-out2. detachment (noun) detachment; isolation; seclusion3. retirement (noun) evacuation; fallback; privacy; pullback; pullout; recession; retirement; retreat; solitude4. retraction (noun) annulment; cancellation; extraction; flight; removal; resignation; retraction; retreating; revocationАнтонимический ряд:association; confirmation; deposit; entrance -
5 withdrawal from service
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > withdrawal from service
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6 withdrawal from service
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7 withdrawal\ of\ subscription\ to\ the\ CCBS\ service
Англо-русский cловарь терминов и сокращений по мобильной радиосвязи стандарта GSM > withdrawal\ of\ subscription\ to\ the\ CCBS\ service
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8 withdrawal from service
English-Russian military dictionary > withdrawal from service
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9 withdrawal from service
English-Russian dictionary of relay protection > withdrawal from service
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10 withdrawal from service
English-Russian dictionary of terms that are used in computer games > withdrawal from service
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11 early withdrawal penalty
штраф за досрочное [преждевременное\] изъятие [снятие\] (средств)а) банк. (штраф, взимаемый с вкладчика при досрочном закрытии вклада с фиксированным сроком, инвестиционного счета во взаимном фонде и т. п.)Syn:See:б) страх., амер. (штраф за преждевременное снятие средств с пенсионного счета, имеющего льготы по налогообложению; обычно взимается в дополнение к налогу на снятую сумму)Syn:See:individual retirement account rollover, in-service withdrawal, earliness penalty, surrender charge, free withdrawal provision
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штраф за досрочное изъятие: штрафной сбор или потеря процентов за досрочное изъятие инвестиций с фиксированным сроком; = withdrawal penalty.* * ** * *штраф за досрочное снятие средств (со срочного счета); штраф за досрочное закрытие срочного счета. . Словарь экономических терминов .Англо-русский экономический словарь > early withdrawal penalty
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12 hardship withdrawal
страх., эк. тр. изъятие (средств) в связи с трудностями* (досрочное изъятие части накопленных в пенсионном плане средств, осуществляемое в связи с тяжелым финансовым положением участника плана и невозможностью покрыть финансовые потребности из других источников; разные планы могут устанавливать разные перечни ситуаций, при которых возможно такое изъятие средств; как правило, к таким ситуациями относят необходимость оплаты медицинских расходов, выходящих за пределы медицинской страховки, необходимость осуществления выплат кредитору для предотвращения отчуждения дома в связи с непогашением ипотеки, необходимость оплаты стоимости обучения и др.; при таком изъятии средств взимается подоходный налог, а также может взиматься штраф за досрочное изъятие средств; средства, изъятые таким образом, не могут быть возвращены на пенсионный счет)Syn:See: -
13 in-service
сущ.1) обр. без отрыва от производства* ( об обучении)See:2) эк. тр. штатный* (о лице, работающем на условиях полной занятости)See:3) тех. = in serviceSee: -
14 rate
1. норма; ставка; тариф; расценка; цена; стоимость; оценка || исчислять; оценивать2. степень3. разряд; сорт; класс || классифицировать4. темп, скорость, быстрота протекания какого-нибудь процесса5. величина, расход6. производительность, номинальные рабочие данные машины7. отношение; пропорция9. определять, измерять; устанавливать, подсчитывать; фиксировать ( значение величины)rate of water injection — скорость нагнетания [подачи] воды
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1. скорость; темп; интенсивность; степень2. норма3. стоимость; оценка
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1. норма; скорость, темп, производительность2. размер, мера, масштаб3. цена, стоимость; тариф
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быстрота; частота; скорость; интенсивность; оценка; норма
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1) скорость; темп; интенсивность; степень2) норма3) стоимость; оценка•- rate of advance
- rate of aeration
- rate of angle increase
- rate of attack
- rate of crack propagation
- rate of deformation
- rate of delivery
- rate of development
- rate of deviation change
- rate of dilution
- rate of divergence
- rate of feed
- rate of flow
- rate of formation influx
- rate of grout
- rate of hole angle charge
- rate of hole deviation change
- rate of inspection
- rate of linkage
- rate of net drilling
- rate of oil recovery
- rate of penetration
- rate of percolation
- rate of piercing
- rate of pressure rise
- rate of rise
- rate of sedimentation
- rate of setting
- rate of sinking
- rate of solidification
- rate of throughput
- rate of travel
- rate of wear
- rate of yield
- abort rate
- absolute drilling rate
- accelerated failure rate
- acceptable degradation rate
- acceptable failure rate
- acceptable hazard rate
- acceptable malfunction rate
- admissible flow rate
- admissible production rate
- age-specific failure rate
- age-wear-specific failure rate
- air rate
- allowable flow rate
- allowable production rate
- anticipated failure rate
- assessed failure rate
- average daily flow rate
- average daily production rate
- average injection rate
- average monthly flow rate
- average monthly production rate
- average penetration rate
- average well monthly production rate
- basic failure rate
- bathtub hazard rate
- block rate
- blowout rate
- build rate
- burn-in hazard rate
- catalyst circulation rate
- catastrophic failure rate
- chance failure rate
- change rate
- circulation rate
- collective failure rate
- complaint rate
- component failure rate
- condensate production rate
- conditional failure rate
- constant rate
- constant failure rate
- constant production rate
- corrosion rate
- counting rate
- crack growth rate
- critical production rate
- cumulative failure rate
- current production rate
- cutting rate
- daily flow rate
- daily production rate
- damage rate
- decline rate
- decreasing failure rate
- decreasing hazard rate
- defect rate
- degradation rate
- degradation failure rate
- depletion rate
- deterioration rate
- discharge rate
- dormant failure rate
- drill penetration rate
- drilling rate
- efficient production rate
- engineering maximum efficient rate
- estimated flow rate
- estimated production rate
- failure rate
- far count rate
- fault rate
- feed rate
- feed-out rate
- field rate
- field-usage failure rate
- fieldwide rate of production
- fieldwide rate of recovery
- film-drainage rate
- filtration rate
- final flow rate
- final production rate
- flame jet cutting rate
- flat rate
- flaw rate
- flexible rates
- flooding rate
- flow rate
- flowing production rate
- fluid-flow rate
- flush production rate
- forced outage rate
- formation fluid withdrawal rate
- gas flow rate
- gas leak rate
- gas-free production rate
- general failure rate
- hazard rate
- improvement rate
- in-commission rate
- in-service failure rate
- incentive rate
- increasing failure rate
- initial rate
- initial failure rate
- initial flow rate
- initial production rate
- injection rate
- input rate
- instantaneous failure rate
- interval rate of production
- levelized rate
- limiting failure rate
- log-data rate
- long-spacing detector counting rate
- low production rate
- maintenance action rate
- maintenance downtime rate
- malfunction rate
- mass rate
- maximum efficiency rate
- maximum efficient rate
- maximum permissible rate
- maximum recovery rate
- mean failure rate
- median failure rate
- metered rate
- monotone failure rate
- near count rate
- negotiated rate
- nominal failure rate
- norm rate
- normalized failure rate
- observed defect rate
- observed failure rate
- oil flow rate
- oil production rate
- optimum failure rate
- optimum flow rate
- optimum production rate
- outage replacement rate
- pellet rate
- pipeline rate
- potential production rate
- predicted failure rate
- preventive maintenance rate
- production rate
- production decline rate
- productive rate
- pump rate
- pump stroke rate
- pumping rate
- ready rate
- receiving rate
- recovery rate
- recurrence rate
- reduced rate
- reliability rate
- reservoir voidage rate
- residential rate
- retail rate
- rig day rate
- sampling rate
- search rate
- seasonal rate
- settled production rate
- settling rate
- shear rate
- shooting rate
- short-spacing detector counting rate
- stable flow rate
- stable production rate
- standard failure rate
- steady production rate
- step rate
- storage failure rate
- straight fixed variable rate
- subsequent production rate
- system failure rate
- tanker loading rate
- target failure rate
- threshold flow rate
- total failure rate
- total production rate
- unacceptable failure rate
- unit rate of flow
- unit dimensionless production rate
- unit production rate
- unmetered rate
- unpowered failure rate
- unsteady production rate
- upper critical failure rate
- utilization rate
- variable production rate
- voidage rate
- volume flow rate
- water-free production rate
- water-influx rate
- water-injection rate
- water-intake rate
- wear-out failure rate
- welding rate
- well flow rate
- well production rate
- withdrawal rate* * *• 1) норма; 2) скорость• глубина• измерять• ставка• темп -
15 phase
1. nounPhase, die; (of project, construction, history also) Abschnitt, der; (of illness, development also) Stadium, das2. transitive verbit's only or just a phase [he's/she's going through] — das gibt sich [mit der Zeit] wieder (ugs.)
Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/90039/phase_in">phase in* * *[feiz]1) (a stage in the development of something: We are entering a new phase in the war.) die Phase2) (one in a series of regular changes in the shape or appearance of something (especially the moon or a planet): the phases of the moon.) die Phase* * *[feɪz]moon \phase Mondphase fdevelopmental \phase Entwicklungsphase fto go through a \phase eine Phase durchlaufenout of \phase phasenverschoben fachspr▪ to \phase sth (implement) etw stufenweise durchführen; (introduce) etw stufenweise einführen; (coordinate) etw synchronisieren [o aufeinander abstimmen]\phased withdrawal of troops schrittweiser Truppenrückzug* * *[feɪz]1. nPhase f; (of construction, project, history also) Abschnitt m; (of illness) Stadium ntout of phase (Tech, Elec) — phasenverschoben; (fig) unkoordiniert
he's just going through a phase — das ist nur so eine Phase bei ihm
he's out of phase with the times — er ist nicht im Gleichklang mit seiner Zeit
2. vt1) (= introduce gradually) plan, change-over, withdrawal schrittweise durchführen2) (= coordinate, fit to one another) starting times, production stages, traffic lights aufeinander abstimmen; machines etc gleichschalten, synchronisierenthe traffic lights are not phased here — hier gibt es keine grüne Welle
* * *phase [feız]A s1. Phase f:phases of the moon ASTRON Mondphasen;in (out of) phase ELEK, PHYS phasengleich (-verschoben);phase-corrected ELEK phasenkorrigiert;phase rule CHEM, PHYS (gibbssche) Phasenregel;2. (Entwicklungs)Stufe f, Stadium n, Phase f:phase of life Lebensphase, -abschnitt m3. Aspekt m, Seite f, Gesichtspunkt m:B v/t1. ELEK, PHYS in Phase bringen2. aufeinander abstimmen, Maschinen etc gleichschalten, synchronisieren3. stufenweise durchführen:phased stufenweise4. (nach den Erfordernissen) stufenweise planen, staffeln7. phase out einen Service etc stufenweise abbauen, eine Regelung etc stufenweise außer Kraft setzen, ein veraltetes Gerät etc nach und nach aus dem Verkehr ziehen, ein Produkt auslaufen lassenC v/i1. phase in stufenweise eingeführt werden2. phase out stufenweise abgebaut werden (Service etc), stufenweise außer Kraft gesetzt werden (Regelung etc), nach und nach aus dem Verkehr gezogen werden (veraltetes Gerät etc), auslaufen (Produkt)* * *1. nounPhase, die; (of project, construction, history also) Abschnitt, der; (of illness, development also) Stadium, das2. transitive verbit's only or just a phase [he's/she's going through] — das gibt sich [mit der Zeit] wieder (ugs.)
Phrasal Verbs:- phase in* * *n.Phase -n f. -
16 order
1) порядок || приводить в порядок2) приказ, распоряжение; инструкция || приказывать3) заказ || заказывать4) порядок, последовательность5) строй (общественный)6) письменный приказ об уплате денег (напр. вексель, чек)7) бирж. приказ брокеру о покупке или продаже ценных бумаг8) брит. стат. агрегация родственных отраслей экономики; укрупнённая отрасль экономики9) сорт, тип, вид, степень10) (общественный) статус, уровень, ранг11) команда (ЭВМ) -
17 notice
nизвещение, уведомление; предупреждение; объявление; заявление (об увольнении с работы); мор. нотис
- adequate notice
- advance notice
- allocation notice
- allotment notice
- arrears notice
- arrival notice
- assignment notice
- bankruptcy notice
- cancellation notice
- captain's notice
- copyright notice
- default notice
- delivery notice
- due notice
- dunning notice
- enforcement notice
- exercise notice
- expiry notice
- exporters' notice
- fax notice
- formal notice
- forwarding agent's notice
- general procurement notice
- immediate notice
- lapse notice
- legal notice
- margin notice
- modification notice
- monthly notice
- official listing notice
- patent notice
- preliminary notice
- previous notice
- prior notice
- procurement notice
- prompt notice
- redemption notice
- renewal notice
- shipping notice
- short notice
- sinking-fund notice
- statement notice
- statutory notice
- strike notice
- tax assessment notice
- timely notice
- two weeks' notice
- urgent notice
- withdrawal notice
- written notice
- notice about an auction
- notice by fax
- notice by mail
- notice by post
- notice in writing
- notice of accident
- notice of appeal
- notice of appropriation
- notice of arbitration
- notice of arrival
- notice of assessment
- notice of cancellation of a contract
- notice of claim
- notice of consignment
- notice of credit
- notice of damage
- notice of defects
- notice of deficiency
- notice of delivery
- notice of dishonour
- notice of dismissal
- notice of expected arrival
- notice of exportation
- notice of filing an application
- notice of fixture
- notice of funds
- notice of intention
- notice of intention to withdraw
- notice of invalidation
- notice of invitation to tender
- notice of legal extinction
- notice of legal invalidation
- notice of legal nullification
- notice of losses
- notice of nullification
- notice of motion
- notice of prepayment
- notice of protest
- notice of readiness
- notice of the readiness of the equipment for tests
- notice of the readiness of the goods for shipment
- notice of the readiness to discharge
- notice of the readiness to load
- notice of the readiness to unload
- notice of redemption
- notice of rejection
- notice of removal
- notice of resignation
- notice of suspension of payment
- notice of termination
- notice of termination of an agreement
- notice of termination of employment
- notice of termination of service
- notice of a vessel's arrival
- notice of withdrawal
- notice of withdrawal of bonds
- notice of withdrawal of funds
- notice to quit
- at a month's notice
- at short notice
- in lieu of notice
- subject to notice
- until further notice
- without notice
- without further notice
- file a notice of opposition
- forward a notice
- give notice
- give in one's notice
- post a notice
- put up a notice
- receive a notice
- send a notice
- serve notice
- take noticeEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > notice
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18 notice
извещение, уведомление; предупреждение; объявление; заявление (об увольнении с работы)• -
19 clutch
сцепление (рис. 30); муфта сцепления; муфта поворота; муфта (кулачковая или зубчатая); защёлка; собачка; кулак; сцепка; сцепляющий механизм; II сцеплять; соединять; зажимать; зацеплять; включать сцепление - clutch and brake steering - clutch antirattle spring clip - clutch application valve - clutch booster - clutch casing - clutch centralizing mandrel - clutch collar - clutch compressor - clutch cone - clutch control pedal - clutch control rod - clutch control rod joint - clutch coupling - clutch cover plate - clutch diaphragm - clutch disengaging spring - clutch disk - clutch disk facing - clutch disk hub - clutch disk lining - clutch drag - clutch driven disk - clutch driven drum - clutch driven plate - clutch driving disk - clutch driving drum - clutch engagement - clutch-engagement oscillations - clutch facing - clutch facing rivet - clutch foot pedal - clutch fork - clutch gear - clutch housing - clutch housing cover - clutch housing cover plate - clutch lever - clutch lining - clutch lining area - clutch linkage - clutch magnet - clutch maintenance service - clutch operating device - clutch operating lever - clutch operating pin - clutch operating rod - clutch pedal - clutch pedal connecting link - clutch pedal linkage - clutch pedal shaft - clutch pressure assembly - clutch pressure lever - clutch pressure operating pin - clutch pressure plate - clutch pressure spring - clutch rebuilder - clutch rebuilding - clutch release fork - clutch release fork lever - clutch release fork shaft - clutch release sleeve - clutch release yoke - clutch release yoke lever - clutch rod - clutch service set - clutch shaft - clutch shaft and gear - clutch shifter collar - clutch shifter shaft - clutch slip - clutch spider - clutch spider hub - clutch spindle - clutch spring - clutch spring cap - clutch stop - clutch stop disk - clutch throwout sleeve - clutch throwout yoke - clutch toggle lever - clutch withdraw housing - coil-spring clutch - cone clutch - cone claw clutch - cone dog clutch - cone pawl clutch - cone ratchet clutch - cut-off clutch - direct-cone clutch - direct-drive clutch - direct-driving clutch - disconnectable clutch - disengaging clutch - disk clutch - dog clutch - dog clutch for direct drive - double-cone clutch - double-disk clutch - dry clutch cyxoe - dry disk clutch cyxoe - dry plate clutch cyxoe - easy-working clutch - elastic clutch - electromagnetic clutch - engine clutch - expanding clutch - expanding ring clutch - expansion clutch - fan clutch - feed clutch - fierce clutch - flywheel clutch - free-wheeling clutch - free-wheeling roller clutch - free-wheeling sprag clutch - friction clutch - gear clutch - grabbing clutch - gripping clutch - harsh clutch - helical-band friction clutch - high-speed clutch - hydraulic clutch - internal-external gear clutch - internal gear clutch - jaw clutch - latch clutch - lift clutch - locked cone friction clutch - magnetic clutch - magnetic fluid clutch - master clutch - multigroove friction clutch - multiplate clutch - multiplate steering clutch - multiple disk clutch - non-reversible clutch - one-way clutch - overcentre clutch - overload friction clutch - overload shearing clutch - overrunning clutch - overrunning roller clutch - overrunning sprag clutch - pawl clutch - plate clutch - plough clutch - power-controlled clutch - ratchet clutch - release clutch - reversed cone clutch - roller-type free-wheeling clutch with polygon cam - roller-type overrunning clutch - safety clutch - safety friction clutch - self-acting clutch - semi-automatic clutch - servo clutch - shearing clutch - single-disk clutch - single-friction-surface clutch - single-plate clutch - sleeve-type clutch - sliding dog clutch - slip clutch - slipping clutch - spiral jaw clutch - sprag clutch - sprag-type overrunning clutch - spring-loaded clutch - steering clutch - striker clutch - three-disk clutch - three-plate clutch - toggle clutch - toothed clutch - triple-plate clutch - twin-disk clutch - vacuum-controlled clutch -
20 Chronology
15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence ofBrazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.
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